South Africa has long been a destination for refugees from across Africa. People fleeing conflict or instability in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda and Zimbabwe often see South Africa as a place of safety. The country’s Constitution is one of the most progressive in the world, and the Refugees Act of 1998 guarantees rights to people seeking asylum. On paper, refugees are allowed to live freely, work, and access basic services.
Yet the reality is far more complex. Unlike many other African nations, South Africa does not host refugees in camps. Instead they must live in cities or rural towns alongside local citizens. While this policy gives them more freedom of movement, it also exposes them to intense competition for jobs, housing and public services.
One of the biggest problems refugees face is xenophobia. Waves of violence against foreign nationals have erupted over the past two decades in places like Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. Refugees and migrants are often accused of taking jobs, committing crimes or straining the economy, even though research shows that they contribute to the informal economy and fill important gaps in the labour force. Attacks have left many dead, injured or displaced. Families sometimes have to move from one neighbourhood to another for safety, creating constant instability.
Another key issue is the asylum system itself. Thousands of people wait for years to have their applications processed. Many are left in legal limbo by a large backlog. Without proper documents, it becomes difficult to work formally, open bank accounts, or even register a SIM card. This uncertainty leaves refugees vulnerable to exploitation, harassment and poverty.
Access to justice is also a major concern. Although refugees have the right to legal protection, in practice many face obstacles when trying to report crimes or defend themselves in court. Language barriers, lack of legal aid, and discrimination make it harder to exercise these rights.
Civil society groups and international organisations such as UNHCR have been working with South African authorities to improve the system. There are efforts to reduce the asylum backlog, train police on refugee rights, and create dialogue to counter xenophobia. Some communities and faith-based organisations also offer shelters, legal support, and skills training.
Despite these efforts, challenges remain. The gap between rights promised by law and the day-to-day reality of life in South Africa is wide. Refugees often survive through resilience and solidarity with one another, but until deeper policy changes and social attitudes shift, many will continue to struggle to find true safety and belonging.
By Thabo Freethinker