Skepticism is a philosophical method that emphasizes questioning, critical thinking, and the suspension of judgment in the absence of sufficient evidence. Originating in ancient Greece, skepticism has played a central role in shaping philosophical discourse and scientific inquiry throughout history.
In philosophy, skepticism can be traced back to figures like Pyrrho of Elis, who founded Pyrrhonian skepticism. This school of thought argued that since certain knowledge is unattainable, individuals should adopt a state of suspended judgment to achieve tranquillity. Later skepticism, associated with thinkers like Carneades, held that while certainty is impossible, some beliefs are more probable than others.
In a broader sense, skepticism is not limited to philosophical inquiry. It also underpins the scientific method, which relies on empirical evidence and rigorous testing to validate claims. Skepticism in science encourages challenging existing theories, questioning assumptions, and remaining open to new evidence or interpretations.
Modern skepticism often intersects with critical thinking and rational inquiry. Skeptics evaluate extraordinary claims—such as those involving pseudoscience, paranormal phenomena, or conspiracy theories—through the lens of evidence and logical reasoning. The famous maxim, “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,” popularized by scientist Carl Sagan, encapsulates this approach.
Skepticism can be misunderstood as cynicism or outright disbelief, but it is fundamentally about inquiry and doubt as tools for seeking truth. By fostering intellectual humility and curiosity, skepticism helps us resist dogma and provides a foundation for meaningful exploration of knowledge and reality.