Free speech is a basic right in any democracy, but in Tanzania the picture today is worrying. In 2025 the country has moved from a period where some hoped press freedoms might expand to a moment when many journalists, activists and ordinary people say they feel under pressure.
Why does this matter for Tanzanians? Free speech is not just an abstract idea: it affects how people learn about their leaders, discuss public policy, and hold power to account. When social media is blocked or when journalists are constrained, voters receive less information and civic debate is weaker. That in turn undermines the fairness and credibility of any election. Several independent monitors have already downgraded Tanzania’s freedom ratings because of these developments.
This article explains the main developments in plain UK English and points to the most important recent facts.
Recent events
First, some context. President Samia Suluhu Hassan became head of state in 2021 and was at first seen by some observers as a potential moderniser after the hard-line era of her predecessor. But by 2024–2025 that early optimism had faded for many rights groups and foreign monitors. Restrictions on expression, both online and offline have continued, and watchdogs say the climate for dissent has worsened.
One of the clearest signs of pressure on free speech has been government action against social media and online platforms. In May 2025 Tanzania restricted access to X (the platform formerly known as Twitter), citing national online content laws and a series of incidents that the authorities described as security breaches. Independent technical monitors documented that the block began on different networks around 20 May 2025 and was implemented using a range of methods by internet service providers. These kinds of restrictions hinder people’s ability to share news and organise online.
The regulatory environment for traditional media has also been tough. In October 2024 the national regulator suspended online platforms belonging to a major newspaper group after a controversial animated video was shared on social media. Journalists have been harassed, and some outlets have faced temporary bans or suspensions. These actions have a chilling effect: editors and reporters may self-censor to avoid fines, licence suspensions or other penalties.
Human rights organisations have been clear in their warnings. Amnesty International, Article 19 and other NGOs have criticised what they describe as a deliberate effort to intimidate opposition figures, activists and the media ahead of elections. They have called on the Tanzanian government to stop arrests linked to peaceful expression, to restore access to blocked platforms and to allow civic space to operate freely. These calls reflect widespread concern from both regional and international observers.
Going forward
What are the main points to watch going forward? First, whether the government restores full, unimpeded access to blocked online platforms and commits publicly to protecting digital rights. Second, whether regulators stop using licensing and suspension measures against media houses for content that is critical of power. Third, whether the authorities guarantee safe space for peaceful protest and political campaigning without arrests or intimidation. Civil society groups and regional bodies are pushing for these steps, but implementation will be the true test.
Finally, ordinary citizens can play a role. Media literacy, careful fact-checking, and supporting independent journalism where possible help maintain a resilient civic space. International partners can also press for transparent, rule-based responses rather than ad hoc restrictions that silence dissent.
Conclusion
In short: Tanzania’s recent path on free speech has been mixed at best and worrying at worst. There are clear signs of shrinking civic space, especially online, and respected rights groups have raised alarms ahead of the 2025 elections. Restoring trust will require concrete reforms from the authorities and continued attention from the public, civil society and the international community.
By Juma Mwamba